文明：在一定社会范围内，人们听见到的政治、社会、经济、宗教现象的总体。
文化：属于一个更为主观的范畴，指人为了通过艺术、文学和科学来丰富自己的精神和情趣，所需获得的知识的总体。随着20世纪人类学家研究发展，文化的概念已经扩展到某一人类群体经常实践活动的总体。
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